导致全球通货膨胀主要的五大因素

转自 经济形势报告网 / 2021-08-15 16:11:40

导致全球通货膨胀主要的五大因素

今年以来,全球通货膨胀膨胀水平持续上升。以美国为例,前五个月份CPI同比涨幅依次为1.4%、1.7%、2.6%、4.2%和5%,逐月升高。欧元区也表现出与美国一致的走势,5月份调和CPI同比涨幅上升到2%,这已经是欧洲央行能够忍受的上限。从新兴和发展中经济体来看,趋势则更为明显,以俄罗斯、印度和巴西为例,5月份CPI同比涨幅分别为6%、6.3%和8.1%,均创近年最高水平。鉴于此,我们需要分析一下当前全球通货膨胀成因及其可能的影响。

其实,当前全球通货膨胀成因并不复杂,主要原因如下。

一是货币因素。为应对突如其来的疫情,以美国为代表的央行加大了量化宽松货币政策的力度,由此导致货币供给推动的物价上涨。以资产价格未为例,货币供给增加必然导致资产价格上涨。众所周知,以美国为代表的股市不断上涨,财富效应的增加必然导致需求拉动的物价上涨。同时,量宽政策也加剧了房地产价格的上涨。以美国为例,美国全国房地产经纪人协会的数据显示,4月份美国现房价格中值较上年同期飙升19%,至创纪录的341600美元。需要指出的是,2020年美国和欧洲房地产价格并未因疫情下降,全年价格涨幅都在4.5%以上。

二是经济刺激政策扩大了全球总需求,最终将形成需求推动的通货膨胀。从美国的情况来看,拜登政府在推出天量的1.9万亿美元刺激计划之后,紧锣密鼓筹划推出2.25万亿美元的“基建”投资计划,这必将推动全球通货膨胀。

三是基建投资必然拉动大宗商品价格的上涨,从现实情况来看也的确如此。虽然大宗商品价格的上涨直接影响PPI,但最终会传导至CPI,从而形成一般意义上的通货膨胀。同时,疫情及天气原因导致巴西等国采矿业开工不足,从而加剧了大宗商品的供需不平衡,加快了大宗商品的上涨。

四是疫情好转之后各国重启经济,由此导致总需求在快速增长,但全球供应链尚未复苏,由此导致全球物价上涨。

五是经济刺激政策提高了通货膨胀预期,通货膨胀预期存在自我形成机制,一旦预期形成将会自我实现。从现实情况来看,全球资本与金融市场对通货膨胀的预期已经初步形成。美国通货膨胀预期直接助推了美国10年期国债收益率飙升,这让全球金融市场十分紧张。美国10年期国债收益率飙升。必然会助推全球市场自发的融资利率水平的提高。

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https://www.hasil.gov.my/en/beware-of-tax-scams/

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摘自 星洲日报

Sales tax exemption on pallets

©CCH Malaysia GST and SST Tracker – 12 April 2022

The Royal Malaysian Customs Department (RMCD) has recently issued sales tax policy no 1/2022 on 5 April 2022 on the conditions to qualify for sales tax exemption on pallets.

The policy is currently only available in the Malay language version. The policy clarifies the following:

  • • Registered manufacturers or agents appointed by a registered manufacturer for import or purchase of pallets used as material packaging in manufacturing are eligible for exemption of sales tax under item 1 or Item 3, Schedule C, Sales Tax Order (Persons Exempted From Tax Payment) 2018.
  • • Pallets imported or purchased with sales tax exemption under item 1 or 3, Schedule C of the Sales Tax Order (Persons Exempted From Tax Payment) 2018 should be:
    • – used as a material packaging of finished goods exported
    • – sold and not returned to the registered manufacturer
    • – should not be the property of the buyer.
  • • Pallets used for the purpose of:
    • – transporting goods
    • – reusable or reinstated to the registered manufacturer are not categorised as packaging material and not eligible for sales tax exemption under item 1 or 3, Schedule C of the Sales Tax Order (Persons Exempted From Tax Payment) 2018. Sales tax should be paid when the pallets are imported or purchased.
  • • Pallets used for the purpose of transporting exported goods and then re-imported are eligible for sales tax exemption under item 39, Schedule A, Sales Tax Order (Person Who Exempted From Tax Payment) 2018 during the pallet re-imported.

Source: ©CCH Asia Pacific, Dasar Cukai Jualan Bil. 1/2022, Royal Malaysian Customs Department Website,5 April 2022, accessed 12 April 2022.

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Rakyat Malaysia may check their Tax Reference No. Tax Status, and Malaysian Income Tax (TIN) No. by visiting

https://mytax.hasil.gov.my/

马来西亚国民可通过浏览以下网址以搜查所得税编号,税务详情和纳税人识别号码(TIN):

https://mytax.hasil.gov.my/

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